docker-devops

Category: Ops & Delivery | Uploader: muidea | Downloads: 0 | Version: v1.0（Latest）
Provides Docker containerization and DevOps best practices. Use when working with Docker, container orchestration, CI/CD pipelines, or when the user asks about containerization, DevOps workflows, or infrastructure as code.
Changelog: Source: GitHub https://github.com/muidea/skill-hub
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SKILL.md

---
compatibility: Designed for Claude Code, Cursor, and OpenCode (or similar AI coding assistants)
description: Provides Docker containerization and DevOps best practices. Use when working with Docker, container orchestration, CI/CD pipelines, or when the user asks about containerization, DevOps workflows, or infrastructure as code.
metadata:
  author: skill-hub Team
  tags: docker,devops,containerization,ci-cd,kubernetes
  version: 1.0.0
name: docker-devops
---

# Docker和DevOps最佳实践技能

## 容器化原则

1. **单一职责**: 每个容器只运行一个进程
2. **不可变性**: 容器应该是不可变的，运行时不应修改
3. **最小化**: 使用最小的基础镜像，减少攻击面
4. **可观测性**: 容器应输出日志和指标

## Dockerfile最佳实践

### 多阶段构建

```dockerfile
# 第一阶段：构建阶段
FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS builder

WORKDIR /app
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download

COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o main .

# 第二阶段：运行阶段
FROM alpine:latest

RUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificates tzdata
WORKDIR /root/

# 从构建阶段复制二进制文件
COPY --from=builder /app/main .

# 创建非root用户
RUN addgroup -g 1000 -S appgroup && \
    adduser -u 1000 -S appuser -G appgroup

USER appuser

EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["./main"]
```

### 安全加固

```dockerfile
# 使用特定版本的基础镜像
FROM node:18-alpine@sha256:abc123...

# 定期更新基础镜像
# 设置非root用户
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs && \
    adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

# 最小化层数，合并RUN命令
RUN apk add --no-cache \
    curl \
    git \
    && rm -rf /var/cache/apk/*

# 设置工作目录和用户
WORKDIR /app
USER nodejs

# 复制文件并设置权限
COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs . .

# 健康检查
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
  CMD curl -f http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1

EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "server.js"]
```

## Docker Compose配置

```yaml
version: "3.8"

services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
      target: production
    image: myapp:latest
    container_name: myapp
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - "8080:8080"
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@db:5432/mydb
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started
    networks:
      - app-network
    volumes:
      - app-data:/app/data
      - ./logs:/app/logs:ro
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:8080/health"]
      interval: 30s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 40s

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine
    container_name: postgres-db
    restart: unless-stopped
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: mydb
      POSTGRES_USER: user
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: pass
      POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS: "--encoding=UTF8 --locale=C"
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - ./init.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/init.sql
    networks:
      - app-network
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U user -d mydb"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    container_name: redis-cache
    restart: unless-stopped
    command: redis-server --appendonly yes --requirepass "redispass"
    volumes:
      - redis-data:/data
    networks:
      - app-network
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "redis-cli", "ping"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    container_name: nginx-proxy
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
      - ./ssl:/etc/nginx/ssl:ro
      - ./logs/nginx:/var/log/nginx
    depends_on:
      - app
    networks:
      - app-network

networks:
  app-network:
    driver: bridge
    ipam:
      config:
        - subnet: 172.20.0.0/16

volumes:
  postgres-data:
    driver: local
  redis-data:
    driver: local
  app-data:
    driver: local
```

## CI/CD流水线

### GitHub Actions示例

```yaml
name: CI/CD Pipeline

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3

      - name: Build and test
        run: |
          docker build -t myapp:test .
          docker run --rm myapp:test npm test

      - name: Security scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: "myapp:test"
          format: "sarif"
          output: "trivy-results.sarif"

  build:
    needs: test
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event_name == 'push'

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Login to Docker Hub
        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}

      - name: Build and push
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          push: true
          tags: |
            ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}/myapp:latest
            ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}/myapp:${{ github.sha }}
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max

  deploy:
    needs: build
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event_name == 'push'

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Deploy to Kubernetes
        uses: azure/k8s-deploy@v4
        with:
          namespace: production
          manifests: |
            k8s/deployment.yaml
            k8s/service.yaml
            k8s/ingress.yaml
          images: |
            ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}/myapp:${{ github.sha }}
          kubectl-version: "latest"
```

## Kubernetes配置

### Deployment配置

```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: myapp-deployment
  namespace: production
  labels:
    app: myapp
    version: v1.0.0
spec:
  replicas: 3
  revisionHistoryLimit: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 1
      maxUnavailable: 0
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp
        version: v1.0.0
    spec:
      securityContext:
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 1000
        fsGroup: 2000
      containers:
        - name: myapp
          image: myorg/myapp:latest
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8080
              name: http
          env:
            - name: NODE_ENV
              value: "production"
            - name: DATABASE_URL
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: db-secret
                  key: connection-string
          resources:
            requests:
              memory: "128Mi"
              cpu: "100m"
            limits:
              memory: "256Mi"
              cpu: "200m"
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /health
              port: 8080
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            periodSeconds: 10
            timeoutSeconds: 5
            failureThreshold: 3
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /ready
              port: 8080
            initialDelaySeconds: 5
            periodSeconds: 5
            timeoutSeconds: 3
          volumeMounts:
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /app/config
      volumes:
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: app-config
```

### Service和Ingress配置

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-service
  namespace: production
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 8080
      protocol: TCP
      name: http
  type: ClusterIP
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: myapp-ingress
  namespace: production
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: "letsencrypt-prod"
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  tls:
    - hosts:
        - myapp.example.com
      secretName: myapp-tls
  rules:
    - host: myapp.example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /
            pathType: Prefix
            backend:
              service:
                name: myapp-service
                port:
                  number: 80
```

## 监控和日志

### Prometheus配置

```yaml
# prometheus.yml
global:
  scrape_interval: 15s
  evaluation_interval: 15s

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: "myapp"
    static_configs:
      - targets: ["myapp-service:8080"]
    metrics_path: "/metrics"
    scrape_interval: 10s

  - job_name: "kubernetes-pods"
    kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
    relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
        action: keep
        regex: true
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_path]
        action: replace
        target_label: __metrics_path__
        regex: (.+)
```

### Grafana仪表板

```json
{
  "dashboard": {
    "title": "MyApp Metrics",
    "panels": [
      {
        "title": "Request Rate",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "rate(http_requests_total[5m])",
            "legendFormat": "{{method}} {{status}}"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Error Rate",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "rate(http_requests_total{status=~\"5..\"}[5m]) / rate(http_requests_total[5m])",
            "legendFormat": "Error Rate"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}
```

## 安全最佳实践

### 镜像扫描

```bash
# 使用Trivy扫描镜像漏洞
trivy image myapp:latest

# 使用Docker Scout
docker scout quickview myapp:latest

# 使用Snyk
snyk container test myapp:latest
```

### 网络策略

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: myapp-network-policy
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
    - Egress
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: ingress-nginx
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 8080
  egress:
    - to:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: postgres
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 5432
    - to:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: redis
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 6379
```

## 灾难恢复

### 备份策略

```bash
# 数据库备份
pg_dump -U user -d mydb -f backup.sql

# 卷备份
docker run --rm -v postgres-data:/volume -v $(pwd):/backup alpine \
  tar czf /backup/postgres-backup.tar.gz -C /volume ./

# Kubernetes资源备份
kubectl get all --all-namespaces -o yaml > k8s-backup.yaml
```

### 恢复流程

1. 恢复数据库: `psql -U user -d mydb -f backup.sql`
2. 恢复卷: `docker run --rm -v postgres-data:/volume -v $(pwd):/backup alpine tar xzf /backup/postgres-backup.tar.gz -C /volume`
3. 恢复Kubernetes: `kubectl apply -f k8s-backup.yaml`

## 性能优化检查清单

- [ ] 镜像大小优化（多阶段构建）
- [ ] 资源限制设置（CPU/内存）
- [ ] 健康检查配置
- [ ] 日志轮转策略
- [ ] 网络策略限制
- [ ] 安全上下文配置
- [ ] 自动伸缩配置
- [ ] 监控告警设置
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